(1) Once an enterprising hornet scouts out a bee colony, it marks the nest with a type of bodily chemical substance called a pheromone .(2) Urine signals, excreted through nephropores located near the base of the antennae, are a likely source of pheromonal cues in decapods.(3) The cloacal and genial glands were chosen because they release pheromones used in mate attraction or courtship.(4) Bluntnose minnows probably release chemicals called pheromones when they are alarmed.(5) Red-backed salamanders, Plethodon cinereus, use territorial advertisement in the form of agonistic displays and pheromonal scent marking as a mechanism for intraspecific interference competition.(6) Interest in pheromonal effects in women has been aroused by McClintock's famous demonstration of influences of armpit compounds of donor women on cycle length of recipients.(7) In most species, the pheromones act as attractants and sexual stimulants.(8) Thus, females that attempted to avoid courtship (as predicted under the hypothesis of sexual conflict) might be able to do so by selecting sites with fewer pheromonal cues from males.(9) Pigs and many other animals rely on pheromones secreted in their saliva to woo their mates.(10) Many extant tetrapods communicate intraspecifically via a mixture of pheromonal and non-pheromonal cues.
