(1) The gynoecium is on the median plane of these zygomorphic flowers and not oblique as described in taxonomic literature.(2) For example, the weakly zygomorphic flower is scarlet, shows diurnal anthesis and has a backwardly curved labellum.(3) Floral examination revealed that flowers are zygomorphic , bisexual, and have a protruding style and terminal pollen-presenter surrounding the stigma.(4) It is a family of predominantly annual and perennial herbs with a semi-succulent habitus, which can be easily distinguished from other balsaminoids by its zygomorphic flowers with a spurred petaloid sepal.(5) Alternatively, the gynoecium of a zygomorphic flower can be on the median plane of the flower, but the entire flower can be oblique to the axillary plane.(6) The point of this example is that as long as typical asterid flower development is maintained, a limited number of forms of zygomorphy are possible, and other forms are effectively off limits.(7) Growth of the corolla and androecium show a dorso-ventral asymmetry that also results in zygomorphy .(8) Zygomorphic flowers were mostly found among hummingbird- and medium-large bee-pollinated species and, in fact, zygomorphy is largely known as a visual attractant for some groups of pollinators such as bees and hummingbirds.(9) Based upon any classification, we must conclude that floral zygomorphy has evolved more than once, and if true, then we would predict different ontogenies leading to zygomorphy in different clades.(10) In addition, as suggested by Leins and Erbar, the zygomorphy of the flowers found in the Lobelias makes them more effective for pollination than actinomorphic flowers.
