(1) A perilymph fistula will frequently accompany injuries to the stapes such as subluxation or fracture.(2) Mammals hear sounds after they are transmitted from the outside world to their inner ears by a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes .(3) The left stapes is preserved, although not in life position.(4) The left stapes is preserved within the left otic aperture.(5) Even with these changes, we still have concerns that the position and extent of the stapes is inconsistent between the two views of Ichthyostega.(6) Mr Bell removed the stapes , and attached to the end of the incus a style of hay about an inch in length.(7) That bone turned out to be the stapes , which transmitted vibrations to the animal's inner ear.(8) The air pressure on either side of the eardrum is normally kept equal for proper functioning of the middle ear structures, namely the malleus, incus and stapes bones.(9) It remains unclear, however, how the stapes related to the quadrate, and possibly to the posterior extension of its mandibular condyle, in Haasiophis.(10) Remnants of the pectoral girdle are present, perhaps due to the presence of an operculum-opercularis-like connection to the stapes .(11) Urbantschitsch has provided detailed measurements of the malleus, incus and the stapes .(12) Reptiles have a single ear ossicle, the stapes or stirrup bone.(13) The stapes has neither a columella nor a stapedial foramen.(14) The remainder underwent Type III tympanoplasty with the tympanic membrane placed directly over the stapes suprastructure.(15) They suggested that vibrations pass from the substrate to the jaw, which are juxtaposed, and then pass via the jaw articulation to the incus and stapes .(16) Only in mammals are there three ossicles: the maleus, incus, and stapes .
